Scientist: 2011

Theodosius Dobzhansky

Theodosius Grygorovych Dobzhansky, also known as Th. Dobzhansky, (Ukrainian — Теодосій Григорович Добжанський; January 24, 1900 - December 18, 1975) was a prominent geneticist and evolutionary biologist, and a central figure in the field of evolutionary biology for his work in shaping the unifying modern evolutionary synthesis. Dobzhansky was born in Ukraine (then part of Imperial Russia) and emigrated to the United States as a young man in 1927.

He published a major work of the modern evolutionary synthesis, the synthesis of evolutionary biology with genetics, in 1937.

In 1964, he was awarded the National Medal of Science. And he was awarded the 1973 Franklin Medal for his work.

Charles Sherrington


Born	27 November 1857 Islington, London, England
Died	4 March 1952 (aged 94) Eastbourne, Sussex, England
Nationality	United Kingdom
Fields	Physiology, pathology, histology, neurology, bacteriology
Alma mater	Ipswich School Royal College of Surgeons of England Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge
Influences	Johannes Müller Thomas Ashe Michael Foster W. H. Gaskell John Newport Langley David Ferrier Rudolf Virchow
Influenced	Sir John Eccles Ragnar Granit Howard Florey
Notable awards	Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (1932)

Ernst Mayr



Born	July 5, 1904 Kempten, Germany
Died	February 3, 2005 (aged 100) Bedford, Massachusetts
Residence	United States
Nationality	German/American
Fields	Evolutionary biology
Notable awards	Darwin-Wallace Medal (1958) Daniel Giraud Elliot Medal (1967)

Paul Ehrlich


Born	14 March 1854 Strehlen, Lower Silesia, German Kingdom of Prussia
Died	20 August 1915 (aged 61) Bad Homburg, Hesse, Germany
Citizenship	Germany
Fields	Immunology
Known for	autoimmunity
Notable awards	Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine ( 1908)

Hermann von Helmholtz


Born	August 31, 1821 Potsdam, Kingdom of Prussia
Died	September 8, 1894 (aged 73) Charlottenburg, German Empire
Residence	Germany
Nationality	Germany
Fields	Physics, physiology and psychology
Institutions	University of Königsberg University of Bonn University of Heidelberg University of Berlin
Alma mater	Royal Friedrich-Wilhelm Institute
Doctoral advisor	Johannes Peter Müller
Doctoral students	Albert Abraham Michelson Wilhelm Wien William James Heinrich Hertz Michael I. Pupin Friedrich Schottky Arthur Gordon Webster
Other notable students	Henry Augustus Rowland Wilhelm Wundt
Known for	Conservation of energy Helmholtz free energy

Thomas Hunt Morgan

Johns Hopkins yearbook of 1891
Born	September 25, 1866 Lexington, Kentucky
Died	December 4, 1945 (aged 79) Pasadena, California
Nationality	United States
Fields	geneticist embryologist
Institutions	Bryn Mawr College Columbia University California Institute of Technology
Alma mater	University of Kentucky (B.S.), Johns Hopkins University (Ph.D.)
Doctoral students	John Howard Northrop
Known for	Drosophila melanogaster linked genes
Notable awards	Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1933

Heike Kamerlingh Onnes


Born	Heike Kamerlingh Onnes 21 September 1853 Groningen, Netherlands
Died	21 February 1926 (aged 72) Leiden, Netherlands
Nationality	Netherlands
Fields	Physics
Institutions	University of Leiden TU Delft
Alma mater	Heidelberg University University of Groningen
Doctoral advisor	Rudolf Adriaan Mees
Other academic advisors	Robert Bunsen Gustav Kirchhoff Johannes Bosscha
Doctoral students	Jacob Clay Claude Crommelin Wander de Haas Gilles Holst Johannes Kuenen Remmelt Sissingh Ewoud van Everdingen Jules Verschaffelt Pieter Zeeman
Known for	Onnes-effect, Superconductivity
Notable awards	Nobel Prize in Physics (1913)

Gregor Mendel

Gregor Johann Mendel

Born	July 20, 1822 Heinzendorf bei Odrau, Austrian Empire, current Czech Republic
Died	January 6, 1884 (aged 61) Brno, Moravia, Austria-Hungary
Nationality	Empire of Austria-Hungary
Fields	Genetics
Institutions	Abbey of St. Thomas in Brno
Alma mater	University of Olomouc University of Vienna
Known for	Discovering genetics

Euclid

Euclid in Raphael's School of Athens
Born	fl. 300 BC
Died	unknown
Residence	Alexandria, Egypt
Fields	Mathematics
Known for	Euclidean geometry Euclid's Elements

Hans Bethe


Born	July 2, 1906 Strasbourg, Germany
Died	March 6, 2005 (aged 98) Ithaca, New York, US
Residence	United States
Nationality	German American
Fields	Nuclear Physics
Institutions	University of Tübingen Cornell University University of Manchester
Alma mater	University of Frankfurt University of Munich
Doctoral advisor	Arnold Sommerfeld
octoral students	M K Sundaresan Jeffrey Goldstone Roman Jackiw Freeman Dyson Robert Eugene Marshak John Irwin David J. Thouless P. S. Epstein Gordon L. Shaw
Known for	Nuclear Physics Stellar nucleosynthesis Quantum electrodynamics
Notable awards	Nobel Prize for Physics (1967)

Gustav Kirchhoff

Gustav Kirchhoff
Born	12 March 1824 Königsberg, East Prussia
Died	17 October 1887 (aged 63) Berlin, Germany
Residence	Prussia/German Empire
Nationality	Prussian
Fields	Physics
Institutions	University of Berlin University of Breslau University of Heidelberg
Alma mater	University of Königsberg
Doctoral advisor	Franz Ernst Neumann
Doctoral students	Max Noether Ernst Schröder
Known for	Kirchhoff's circuit laws Kirchhoff's law of thermal radiation Kirchhoff's laws of spectroscopy Kirchhoff's law of thermochemistry
Notable awards	Rumford medal

Max von Laue


Born	Max Theodor Felix von Laue 9 October 1879 Pfaffendorf, Kingdom of Prussia, German Empire
Died	24 April 1960 (aged 80) West Berlin
Nationality	German
Fields	Physics
Institutions	University of Zürich University of Frankfurt University of Berlin Max Planck Institute
Alma mater	University of Strasbourg University of Göttingen University of Munich University of Berlin
Doctoral advisor	Max Planck
Doctoral students	Fritz London Leó Szilárd Max Kohler Erna Weber
Known for	Diffraction of X-rays
Notable awards	Nobel Prize for Physics (1914)

Anton van Leeuwenhoek

Portrait of Antonie van Leeuwenhoek (1632–1723) by Jan Verkolje
Born	October 24, 1632 Delft, Netherlands
Died	August 26, 1723 (aged 90) Delft, Netherlands
Residence	Netherlands
Nationality	Dutch
Fields	Microscopist
Known for	Discovery of protozoa First red blood cell description
Signature

Stephen Hawking

Stephen Hawking at NASA, 1980s
Born	Stephen William Hawking 8 January 1942 (age 69) Oxford, England
Residence	England
Nationality	British
Fields	Applied mathematics Theoretical physics Cosmology
Institutions	University of Cambridge California Institute of Technology Perimeter Institute for Theoretical Physics
Alma mater	University of Oxford University of Cambridge
Doctoral advisor	Dennis Sciama
Other academic advisors	Robert Berman
Doctoral students	Bruce Allen Raphael Bousso Fay Dowker Malcolm Perry Bernard Carr Gary Gibbons Harvey Reall Don Page Tim Prestidge Raymond Laflamme Julian Luttrell
Known for	Black holes Theoretical cosmology Quantum gravity Hawking radiation
Influences	Dikran Tahta Albert Einstein
Notable awards	Wolf Prize (1988) Prince of Asturias Award (1989) Copley Medal (2006) Presidential Medal of Freedom (2009)
Spouse	Jane Hawking (m. 1965–1991, divorced) Elaine Mason (m. 1995–2006, divorced)
Signature

Alfred Wegener

Alfred Wegener, around 1925
Born	November 1, 1880 Berlin, German Empire
Died	November 1930 (aged 50) Clarinetania, Greenland
Residence	Germany
Citizenship	German
Nationality	German
Fields	Meteorology, Geology, Astronomy
Alma mater	University of Berlin
Doctoral advisor	Julius Bauschinger
Known for	Continental drift theory
Influenced	Johannes Letzmann
Signature


Albert Einstein in 1921
Born	14 March 1879 Ulm, Kingdom of Württemberg, German Empire
Died	18 April 1955 (aged 76) Princeton, New Jersey, United States
Residence	Germany, Italy, Switzerland, United States
Ethnicity	Jewish
Citizenship	Württemberg/Germany (until 1896) Stateless (1896–1901) Switzerland (from 1901) Austria (1911–1912) Germany (1914–1933) United States (from 1940)
lma mater	ETH Zurich University of Zurich
Known for	General relativity and special relativity Photoelectric effect Mass-energy equivalence Quantification of the Brownian motion Einstein field equations Bose–Einstein statistics Unified Field Theory
Spouse	Mileva Marić (1903–1919) Elsa Löwenthal, née Einstein, (1919–1936)
Awards	Nobel Prize in Physics (1921) Copley Medal (1925) Max Planck Medal (1929) Time Person of the Century (1999)
Signature

Isaac Newton


Godfrey Kneller's 1689 portrait of Isaac Newton (age 46)
Born	4 January 1643 [OS: 25 December 1642] Woolsthorpe-by-Colsterworth Lincolnshire, England
Died	31 March 1727 (aged 84) [OS: 20 March 1726] Kensington, Middlesex, England
Residence	England
Nationality	English
Fields	Physics, mathematics, astronomy, natural philosophy, alchemy, Christian theology
Institutions	University of Cambridge Royal Society Royal Mint
Alma mater	Trinity College, Cambridge
Academic advisors	Isaac Barrow Benjamin Pulleyn
Notable students	Roger Cotes William Whiston
Known for	Newtonian mechanics Universal gravitation Infinitesimal calculus Optics Binomial series Newton's method Philosophiæ Naturalis Principia Mathematica
Influences	Henry More Polish Brethren
Influenced	Nicolas Fatio de Duillier John Keill
Signature
Notes His mother was Hannah Ayscough. His half-niece was Catherine Barton.

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